一、数据类型和变量

# 1.十六进制表示
if 0x10 == 16:
    print("0x10 == 16") #
else:
    print("0x10 != 16")

# 2.下划线数据表示
if 100_000_000.5 == 100000000.5:
    print("100_000_000.5 == 100000000.5") #
else:
    print("100_000_000.5 != 100000000.5")

# 3.科学计数法
if 1e8 == 100000000:
    print("1e8 == 100000000") #
else:
    print("1e8 != 100000000")

# 4.取消字符串转义
print(r"\n \t \0") # \n \t \0

# 5.布尔值与逻辑运算
print(True and False) # False
print(True or False) # True
print(not False) # True

# 6.空值
if (None == 0):
    print("None == 0")
else:
    print("None != 0") # C中NULL等于0 C++中nullptr也等于0

# 7.Python中的所有变量本质上都是指针
a = ["a"]
b = a # 令b指向a指向的变量
a[0] = "b"
print(b) # ['b']

a = "a"
b = a
a = "b" # a会指向一个新的变量
print(b) # a

# 8.地板除
print(10 // 3) # 3

# 9.Python中的整型可以按照长度动态分配内存 因此理论上没有大小限制
print(10**10000 + 1) # 100···001

---

二、字符串和编码

1.编码

Python3中字符串默认以Unicode编码，可以通过encode()函数和decode()函数对字符串进行编码和解码：

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

print("北京市".encode("utf-8")) # b'\xe5\x8c\x97\xe4\xba\xac\xe5\xb8\x82' 以字节为单位的bytes对象
print(b"\xe5\x8c\x97\xe4\xba\xac\xe5\xb8\x82".decode("utf-8")) # 北京市 字符串对象
print(len("北京市")) # 3 统计字符数
print(len("北京市".encode("utf-8"))) # 9 统计字节数

ord()函数用于获取指定字符的ASCII码或者Unicode数值：

print(ord("\n")) # 10
print(ord("风")) # 39118
print("\u98ce") # 风 39118D与98ceH相等 \u表示采用Unicode编码

---

2.字符串操作

strip()方法用于移除字符串头尾指定的字符（默认为空格）或字符序列，但该方法只能删除开头或是结尾的字符，不能删除中间部分的字符，该方法常与切片函数split()一起使用：

s = "  Miss Fortune, Ezreal  "

print(s.strip()) # Miss Fortune, Ezreal
print(s.split(",")) # ['  Miss Fortune', ' Ezreal  ']
print([i.strip() for i in s.split(",")]) # ['Miss Fortune', 'Ezreal']

字符串的连接可以借助于加号+或者join()函数：

s = ["The quick brown fox", "jumps over", "the lazy dog."]

print(s[0] + " " + s[1] + " " + s[2]) # The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
print(" ".join(s)) # The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

子串的判断借助于关键字in，定位借助于方法index()或find()，find和index的区别是在找不到指定字符串时index产生异常，而find会返回-1：

s = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."

print(s.find(" ")) # 3
print(s.index(" ")) # 3

print(s.find("0")) # -1
print(s.index("0"))
# Traceback (most recent call last):
#   File "/Users/Atreus/PycharmProjects/pythonProject/main.py", line 7, in <module>
#     print(s.index("0"))
# ValueError: substring not found

此外，还可以通过count()函数统计字符出现的次数，通过replace()函数进行替换，通过lower()函数和upper()函数进行大小写转换，通过endswith()和startwith()判断字符串的前缀与后缀：

s = "AD"

print(s.count("D")) # 1
print(s.replace("D", "P")) # AP

s = s.lower()
print(s) # ad
s = s.upper()
print(s) # AD

print(s.startswith("A")) # True
print(s.endswith("P")) # False

Python也支持对字符串的格式化输出：

print("%dD %f %s %xH" % (17, 1.1, "A", 0x11)) # 17D 1.100000 A 11H
print("|%-7.3f|" % 12.34) # |12.340 | 总共7位 小数点后3位 左对齐

---

三、常用运算符

---

四、数据结构

1.list

list可以由方括号或者list()函数初始化：

legends = ["Qiyana", "Vi", "Thresh", "Jinx", "Zed"]
print(legends) # ['Qiyana', 'Vi', 'Thresh', 'Jinx', 'Zed']

li = list(range(3))
print(li) # [0, 1, 2]

list的正向索引和反向索引：

print(legends[0]) # Qiyana
print(legends[1]) # Vi
print(legends[-1]) # Zed
print(legends[-2]) # Jinx

对list中的数据进行增删改查：

legends.append("Viktor")
print(legends) # ['Qiyana', 'Vi', 'Thresh', 'Jinx', 'Zed', 'Viktor']

legends.insert(1, "Ezreal")
print(legends) # ['Qiyana', 'Ezreal', 'Vi', 'Thresh', 'Jinx', 'Zed', 'Viktor']

legends.pop()
print(legends) # ['Qiyana', 'Ezreal', 'Vi', 'Thresh', 'Jinx', 'Zed']

legends.pop(1)
print(legends) # ['Qiyana', 'Vi', 'Thresh', 'Jinx', 'Zed']

legends.remove("Qiyana")
print(legends) # ['Vi', 'Thresh', 'Jinx', 'Zed']

legends[-2] = "Pyke"
print(legends) # ['Vi', 'Thresh', 'Pyke', 'Zed']

print("Thresh" in legends) # True
print("Ezreal" not in legends) # True

list中的数据类型也可以不同：

li = ["A", 1, True, legends]
print(li) # ['A', 1, True, ['Qiyana', 'Vi', 'Thresh', 'Pyke', 'Zed']]
print(li[-1][-1]) # Zed
print(len(li)) # 4

sort()方法可以实现对list的原地排序：

li = [2, 4, 6, 5, 3, 1]
li.sort()
print(li) # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
li.sort(reverse=True) # 逆序排序
print(li) # [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

li = ["C", "C++", "Python"]
li.sort(key=len) # 按长排序
print(li) # ['C', 'C++', 'Python']

通过enumerate()函数可以在遍历时跟踪当前序号：

li = ["C", "C++", "Python"]
for key, value in enumerate(li):
    print(key, value)
# 0 C
# 1 C++
# 2 Python

---

2.tuple

tuple本身是一个长度固定、元素不可变的list：

tup = ("Jinx", "Vi", "Shen") # 括号也可省略
print(tup) # ('Jinx', 'Vi', 'Shen')
print(tup[0]) # Jinx

tup = tuple([1, 2, 3])
print(tup) # (1, 2, 3)

tup = tuple("string")
print(tup) # ('s', 't', 'r', 'i', 'n', 'g')

对于含有单个元素的tuple要通过逗号来消除歧义：

tup = (1)
print(type(tup)) # <class 'int'>

tup = (1,)
print(type(tup)) # <class 'tuple'>

元素不变指的是元素的指向不变而不是指向的内容不变：

tup = ("Jinx", ["Vi", "Shen"])
tup[-1][-1] = "Miss Fortune"
print(tup) # 'Jinx', ['Vi', 'Miss Fortune'])

对元组进行运算：

tup = (1, True, "str") + (False, "Jinx")
print(tup) # (1, True, 'str', False, 'Jinx')
tup = (1, True, "str") * 3
print(tup) # (1, True, 'str', 1, True, 'str', 1, True, 'str')

如果你想将元组赋值给类似元组的变量，Python会将元组进行拆分：

a, b, (c, d) = (1, 2, (3, 4))
print(a, b, c, d) # 1 2 3 4

利用这个特性可以方便地实现两个变量的交换：

a, b = b, a
print(a, b) # 2 1

变量拆分也可以用来迭代元组或列表序列：

for i, j, k in ((1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9)):
    print(i, j, k)
# 1 2 3
# 4 5 6
# 7 8 9

count()方法可以用来统计元组中某个值的出现频率：

tup = (1, 0, 0, 8, 6)
print(tup.count(0)) # 2

enumerate()函数可以用于在迭代时追踪元素下标：

li = ["Ezreal", "Neeko", "Thresh"]
for key, value in enumerate(li):
    print(key, value)
# 0 Ezreal
# 1 Neeko
# 2 Thresh  

---

3.dict

dict的初始化：

dic = {
    "C": 1, "C++": 3, "Python": 6}
print(dic) # {'C': 1, 'C++': 3, 'Python': 6}

对dict中的数据进行增删改查

dic["C#"] = 2
print(dic) # {'C': 1, 'C++': 3, 'Python': 6, 'C#': 2}

dic.pop("C++") # dict的pop方法必须传入参数
print(dic) # {'C': 1, 'Python': 6, 'C#': 2}

del dic["Python"]
print(dic) # {'C': 1, 'C#': 2}

dic["C"] = -1
print(dic) # {'C': -1, 'C#': 2}

print(dic["C#"]) # 2

print(dic.get("C")) # -1
print(dic.get("Java")) # None

print("C" in dic) # True
print("Java" in dic) # False

获取字典全部的键和值：

print(dic.keys()) # dict_keys(['C', 'C#'])
print(dic.values()) # dict_values([-1, 2])

---

4.set

set的初始化：

s = set([1, 2, 3, 2, 3]) # 重复元素在set中会被自动过滤
print(s) # {1, 2, 3}

set的添加和删除：

s.add(4)
print(s) # {1, 2, 3, 4}

s.remove(4)
print(s) # {1, 2, 3}

对set进行集合操作：

s1 = set([1, 2, 3])
s2 = set([2, 3, 4])

print(s1 & s2) # {2, 3}
print(s1.intersection(s2)) # {2, 3}

print(s1 | s2) # {1, 2, 3, 4}
print(s1.union(s2)) # {1, 2, 3, 4}

---

五、切片

对list使用切片操作符：

names = ["Sona", "Ezreal", "Vi", "Irelia", "Akali"]
print(names[1:3]) # ['Ezreal', 'Vi'] 左闭右开区间
print(names[:3]) # ['Sona', 'Ezreal', 'Vi'] 从0开始时0可以省略
print(names[1:]) # ['Ezreal', 'Vi', 'Irelia', 'Akali'] 到最后一个截止最后一个也可省略
print(names[-3:-1]) # ['Vi', 'Irelia'] 反向切片
print(names[0:5:2]) # ['Sona', 'Vi', 'Akali'] 改变切片步长

对tuple和字符串使用切片操作符：

print((0, 1, 2, 3, 4)[1:4]) # (1, 2, 3)
print("01234"[1:4]) # 123

---

六、循环分支

1.循环结构

Python简单循环分支：

for i in range(5): # <<=>>
    if i < 2:
        print("<", end="")
    elif i == 2:
        print("=", end="")
    else:
        print(">", end="")
print()

Python中的for-else结构：

for i in range(5):
    pass # 空语句
    # break
else:
    print("The break statement has been executed.") # 当for循环正常执行完毕时else中的语句就会被执行

---

2.迭代

对dict进行迭代：

dict = {
    "C": 1, "C++": 3, "Python": 6}
for i in dict:
    print(i) # C C++ Python

for i in dict.values():
    print(i) # 1 3 6

for i in dict.items():
    print(i) # ('C', 1) ('C++', 3) ('Python', 6)

for i, j in dict.items():
    print(i, j) # C 1 C++ 3 Python 6

可以通过isinstance()方法判断一个类型是否可迭代：

from collections.abc import Iterable

print(isinstance("string", Iterable)) # True
print(isinstance([(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)], Iterable)) # True
print(isinstance(2022, Iterable)) # False

---

七、函数

1.普通函数

类型转换函数：

print(int("5")) # 5
print(int(5.5)) # 5
print(float("5.5")) # 5.5
print(float(5)) # 5.0
print(str(5)) # 5
print(str(5.5)) # 5.5
print(bool("")) # False
print(bool(1)) # True

Python可以以tuple的形式令一个函数返回多值：

def calculate(a, b):
    return a + b, a - b

addition, subtraction = calculate(1, 2)
print(addition, subtraction) # 3 -1
print(calculate(1, 2)) # (3, -1)

函数可以有一些位置参数（positional）和一些关键字参数（keyword）。关键字参数通常用于指定默认值或可选参数而且关键字参数必须位于位置参数（如果有的话）之后：

def sum_(a, b = 1):  # 位置参数在前 关键字参数在后
    return a + b

print(sum_(1)) # 2
print(sum_(1, 2)) # 3

默认参数必须指向不可变对象：

def add_end(l=[]):
    l.append("END")
    return l

print(add_end())  # ['END']
print(add_end())  # ['END', 'END']


def add_end(l=None):
    if l is None:
        l = []
    l.append("END")
    return l

print(add_end())  # ['END']
print(add_end())  # ['END']

可变参数：

def get_sum(*nums):
    total = 0
    for i in nums:
        total += i
    return total

print(get_sum(1, 2, 3))  # 6
print(get_sum(*[1, 2, 3]))  # 6 通过*可以将list或者tuple中的元素作为可变参数传入

关键字参数：

def person(name, age, **kw):
    print(name, age, kw)

person("Ezreal", 20)  # Ezreal 20 {}
person("Ezreal", 20, job="ADC", city="Piltover")  # Ezreal 20 {'job': 'ADC', 'city': 'Piltover'}


def person_(name, age, *, job, city): # 命名关键字参数
    print(name, age, job, city)

person_("Ezreal", 20, job="ADC", city="Piltover")  # Ezreal 20 ADC Piltover

利用递归函数解决汉诺塔问题：

def hanoi(n, a, b, c):
    if n == 1:
        print(a, "->", c, sep="")
    else:
        hanoi(n - 1, a, c, b)
        print(a, "->", c, sep="")
        hanoi(n - 1, b, a, c)

hanoi(3, "a", "b", "c") # a->c a->b c->b a->c b->a b->c a->c

---

2.匿名函数

过匿名函数筛选奇数

print(list(filter(lambda n: n % 2 == 1, range(1, 10))))

---

3.函数式编程

普通高阶函数：

def abs_sum(x, y, fun): # 类似于函数指针
    return fun(x) + fun(y)

print(abs_sum(-1, 1, abs)) # 2

通过map()函数求列表中所有元素的平方：

def square(x):
    return x * x

print(list(map(square, [0, 1, 2]))) # [0, 1, 4] map将传入的函数依次作用到序列的每个元素

通过reduce()函数将列表转化为整数：

from functools import reduce

def add(x, y):
    return x * 10 + y

print(reduce(add, [1, 2, 3])) # 123 reduce把结果继续和序列的下一个元素做累积计算

通过filter()函数过滤出列表中的所有奇数：

def is_odd(x):
    return x % 2 == 1

print(list(filter(is_odd, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])))
# [1, 3, 5] filter把传入的函数依次作用于每个元素后根据返回值是True还是False决定保留还是丢弃该元素

通过sorted()函数对列表按绝对值进行逆向排序：

print(sorted([1, -2, 3, -4, 5], key=abs, reverse=True)) # [5, -4, 3, -2, 1]

八、列表生成式

# 1.使用列表生成式创建列表
L = list(x * x for x in range(5))
print(L) # [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

L = list(x for x in range(1, 6) if x % 2 == 0)
print(L) # [2, 4]

L = list(x if x % 2 == 0 else 0 for x in range(1, 6))
print(L) # [0, 2, 0, 4, 0]

# 2.使用列表生成式获取当前目录下的文件和目录名
import os

L = list(i for i in os.listdir("."))
print(L) # ['.DS_Store', 'venv', 'demo.html', 'main.py', '.idea']

---

九、生成器

一个带有yield的函数就是一个generator，它和普通函数不同，生成一个generator的过程看起来像是函数调用，但不会执行任何函数代码，直到对其调用next()才开始执行（在 for 循环中会自动调用）。虽然执行流程仍按函数的流程执行，但每执行到一个yield语句就会中断并返回一个迭代值，下次执行时从yield的下一个语句继续执行。

这看起来就好像一个函数在正常执行的过程中被yield中断了数次，每次中断都会通过yield返回当前的迭代值。

# 1.使用generator生成斐波那契数列
def fib(max):
    n, a, b = 0, 0, 1
    while n < max:
        yield b
        a, b = b, a + b
        n = n + 1

for i in fib(5):
    print(i) # 1 1 2 3 5

# 2.使用generator生成杨辉三角
def triangles():
    ans = []
    n = 0
    while True:
        line = []
        for i in range(n + 1):
            if i == 0 or i == n:
                line.append(1)
            else:
                line.append(ans[n - 1][i - 1] + ans[n - 1][i])
        yield line
        n = n + 1
        ans.append(line)

n = 0
for i in triangles():
    print(i)
    n = n + 1
    if n == 10:
        break
# [1]
# [1, 1]
# [1, 2, 1]
# [1, 3, 3, 1]
# [1, 4, 6, 4, 1]
# [1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1]
# [1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1]
# [1, 7, 21, 35, 35, 21, 7, 1]
# [1, 8, 28, 56, 70, 56, 28, 8, 1]
# [1, 9, 36, 84, 126, 126, 84, 36, 9, 1]

---

十、面向对象编程

1.Python简单面向对象

class Legend(object):

    def __init__(self, name, camp):
        self.__name = name # 通过两个下划线将变量变为私有变量
        self.__camp = camp

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s: %s" % (self.__name, self.__camp)

Ezreal = Legend("Ezreal", "Piltover")
print(Ezreal) # Ezreal: Piltover

class MID(Legend): # MID继承自Legend
    pass

Zoe = MID("Zoe", "MountTargon")
print(Zoe) # Zoe: MountTargon

print(type(Ezreal)) # <class '__main__.Legend'>
print(type(Zoe)) # <class '__main__.MID'>
print(isinstance(Zoe, Legend)) # True
print(isinstance(Zoe, MID)) # True

---

2.通过类属性和实例属性统计实例数

class Brand(object):
    count = 0

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.__name = name
        Brand.count = Brand.count + 1

Uni = Brand("Uni")
Sakura = Brand("Sakura")
Pilot = Brand("Pilot")
print(Brand.count) # 3

---

3.通过类实现斐波那契数列

class Fib(object):

    def __init__(self, n):
        self.__a, self.__b = 0, 1
        self.__n = n

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def __next__(self):
        self.__a, self.__b = self.__b, self.__a + self.__b
        if self.__a > self.__n:
            raise StopIteration
        return self.__a

for i in Fib(10):
    print(i) # 1 1 2 3 5 8

---

4.枚举类

from enum import Enum

Month = Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'))
print(Month.Jan.value) # 1
print(Month.Nov.value) # 11

---

5.with-as用法

class demo:
    def __enter__(self):
        print("enter")
        return "print"

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        print("exit")

with demo() as thing:
    print(thing)

# enter
# print
# exit

---

十一、文件操作

# 文件打开
try:
    my_file = open("./main.py", "r")
except FileNotFoundError as e:
    print("FileNotFoundError:", e)
finally:
    pass

# 文件读写
try:
    print(my_file.read())
    my_file.write("#")
except IOError as e:
    print("IOError:", e)
finally:
    pass

# 文件关闭
my_file.close()

---

十二、正则表达式

import re

# 1.match
print(re.match(r"^\d{3}\-\d{3,8}$", "010-10010")) # <re.Match object; span=(0, 9), match='010-10010'>
print(re.match(r"^\d{3}\-\d{3,8}$", "010 10010")) # None

ans = re.match(r"^(\d{3})\-(\d{3,8})$", "010-10010")
print(ans.group(0)) # 010-10010
print(ans.group(1)) # 010
print(ans.group(2)) # 10010

print(re.match(r"^(\d+)(0*)$", "12300").groups()) # ('12300', '') 贪婪匹配
print(re.match(r"^(\d+?)(0*)$", "12300").groups()) # ('123', '00') 非贪婪匹配

# 2.split
print(re.split(r"\s+", "a b  c   d    e")) # ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

---

十三、常用内建模块

1.os

import os

# 1.获取操作系统信息
print(os.name) # posix
print(os.uname()) # posix.uname_result(sysname='Darwin', nodename='AtreusdeMBP', release='21.4.0', version='Darwin Kernel Version 21.4.0: Fri Mar 18 00:46:32 PDT 2022; root:xnu-8020.101.4~15/RELEASE_ARM64_T6000', machine='arm64')

# 2.操作文件和目录
print(os.path.abspath(".")) # /Users/atreus/PycharmProjects/pythonProject
print(os.path.join("./", "test_dir")) # ./test_dir
os.mkdir("./test_dir") # 创建目录
os.rmdir("./test_dir") # 删除目录

---

2.json

import json

# 1.使用json对dict进行序列化
languages = {
    "C": 1, "C++": 3, "Python": 6}
print(json.dumps(languages)) # {"C": 1, "C++": 3, "Python": 6}

# 2.使用json对list进行序列化
legends = ["Ezreal", "Vi", "Jinx"]
print(json.dumps(legends)) # ["Ezreal", "Vi", "Jinx"]

# 3.使用json进行反序列化
json_str = '{"C": 1, "C++": 3, "Python": 6}'
languages_dict = json.loads(json_str)
print(languages_dict["C++"]) # 3

# 4.使用json对对象进行序列化和反序列化
class Legend(object):

    def __init__(self, name, camp):
        self.name = name
        self.camp = camp

def to_dict(legend):
    return {
    
        "name": legend.name,
        "camp": legend.camp
    }

Ezreal = Legend("Ezreal", "Piltover")
print(json.dumps(Ezreal, default=to_dict)) # {"name": "Ezreal", "camp": "Piltover"}

def to_legend(json_dict):
    return Legend(json_dict["name"], json_dict["camp"])

print(json.loads('{"name": "Jinx", "camp": "Zaun"}', object_hook=to_legend)) # <__main__.Legend object at 0x104def100>

---

3.datetime

from datetime import datetime

print(datetime.now()) # 2022-05-10 10:16:41.384150
print(datetime(2021, 12, 25, 8, 0)) # 2021-12-25 08:00:00
print(datetime(1970, 1, 1, 8, 0).timestamp()) # 0.0
print(datetime.fromtimestamp(0.0)) # 1970-01-01 08:00:00
print(datetime.now().strftime("%a, %b %d, %H:%M")) # Tue, May 10, 10:24

---

4.collections

# 1.namedtuple
from collections import namedtuple

Point = namedtuple("Point", ["x", "y"]) # 将元组定义为一个坐标
point = Point(1, 0)
print(point.x, point.y) # 1 0

Circle = namedtuple("Circle", ["x", "y", "r"]) # 将元组定义为一个圆
circle = Circle(0, 0, 1)
print(circle) # Circle(x=0, y=0, r=1)

# 2.deque
from collections import deque

L = deque([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) # 双向链表
print(L) # deque([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
L.append(6)
print(L) # deque([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
L.appendleft(0)
print(L) # deque([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
L.pop()
print(L) # deque([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
L.popleft()
print(L) # deque([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

# 3.OrderedDict
from collections import OrderedDict

order_dict = OrderedDict([("C", 1), ("C++", 3), ("Python", 6)]) # OrderedDict的Key会按照插入的顺序而不是Key本身排序
print(order_dict) # OrderedDict([('C', 1), ('C++', 3), ('Python', 6)])
print(list(order_dict.keys())) # ['C', 'C++', 'Python']

# 4.Counter
from collections import Counter

counter = Counter()

for i in "Ezreal": # 通过循环更新计数器
    counter[i] += 1
print(counter) # Counter({'E': 1, 'z': 1, 'r': 1, 'e': 1, 'a': 1, 'l': 1})

counter.update("EZ") # 一次性更新计数器
print(counter) # Counter({'E': 2, 'z': 1, 'r': 1, 'e': 1, 'a': 1, 'l': 1, 'Z': 1})

---

5.argparse

import argparse

# The accumulate attribute will be either the sum() function, if '--sum' was specified at the command line, or the max() function if it was not.
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Process some integers.')  # 创建一个ArgumentParser对象
parser.add_argument('integers', metavar='N', type=int,
                    nargs='+', help='an integer for the accumulator')  # 添加参数'integers'
parser.add_argument('--sum', dest='accumulate', action='store_const',
                    const=sum, default=max, help='sum the integers (default: find the max)')  # 添加参数'--sum'

# args = parser.parse_args(['--sum', '1', '2', '3']) # 6
# args = parser.parse_args(['1', '2', '3']) # 3

args = parser.parse_args()  # 对参数进行语法分析
print(args.accumulate(args.integers))

(venv) (base) atreus@bogon pythonProject % python main.py --help
usage: main.py [-h] [--sum] N [N ...]

Process some integers.

positional arguments:
  N           an integer for the accumulator

optional arguments:
  -h, --help  show this help message and exit
  --sum       sum the integers (default: find the max)
(venv) (base) atreus@bogon pythonProject % python main.py --sum 1 2 3 
6
(venv) (base) atreus@bogon pythonProject % python main.py 1 2 3      
3
(venv) (base) atreus@bogon pythonProject % 

---

十四、常用第三方模块

1.pillow

利用pillow生成验证码

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, ImageFilter
import random

# 随机字母
def rand_char():
    return chr(random.randint(65, 90))

# 随机颜色
def rand_color():
    return random.randint(64, 255), random.randint(64, 255), random.randint(64, 255)

def back_rand_color():
    return random.randint(32, 127), random.randint(32, 127), random.randint(32, 127)

# 创建Image对象
width = 60 * 4
height = 60
image = Image.new("RGB", (width, height), (255, 255, 255))

# 创建Font对象
font = ImageFont.truetype("Arial.ttf", 36)

# 创建Draw对象
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)

# 填充每个像素
for x in range(width):
    for y in range(height):
        draw.point((x, y), fill=rand_color())

# 输出文字
for t in range(4):
    draw.text((60 * t + 10, 10), rand_char(), font=font, fill=back_rand_color())

# 保存图片
image.save("./code.jpg", "jpeg")

---

2.requests

通过requests访问网页

import requests
r = requests.get("https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/")
print(r.status_code) # 200
print(r.text[0: 15]) # <!DOCTYPE html>